Special requirements: Travelling alone

Personal safety is priority number one for people holidaying by themselves, and women of course face very different perils to men. While paranoia isn't the answer, be sure to stay alert, look confident, and err on the side of caution when you're abroad. Travel insurance is a must, too.

Belongings

Don't carry all your money and valuables around with you in case bad luck strikes and you're mugged. Wearing an expensive watch and jewellery may also make you a target, so resist that unless you're on familiar ground.

• Keep money on you in two places
• Use a money belt for cash
• Store your passport and valuables in a safe at your hotel
• Keep your camera attached to your belt or in a secure bag
• Always use a bag that zips shut
• Keep a record of traveller's cheque/passport numbers

Self-defence

• Blending in is a good way of repelling unwanted attention. Don't wear T-shirts that give away where you're from, for instance, and try not to appear vulnerable. If you're staying in one spot, tell your hotel receptionist the times you may be back each day
• Avoid making eye contact if you don't want to be noticed
• Steer clear of one-on-one situations
• Stick to busy streets and areas after dark
• Look confident
• Carry ID with you

Women travellers

It doesn't matter how you dress and behave, it's inevitable that men will harass you at some point if you're travelling alone. In some countries, pinching a woman's bottom is part of the culture. Consider taking a few self-defence classes before you travel

• Wear a wedding ring even if you're single
• Minimise on skimpy clothes, especially at night
• Avoid eye contact with men you think could be a threat
• Be a bit wary about compliments - a polite smile of thanks may encourage attention
• If a stranger makes advances or touches you, shame them by alerting passers-by
• Listen to local advice about danger spots
• Carry protection, such as a rape alarm.